As a small business owner or partner, navigating the complex landscape of accounting methods can significantly impact your taxable profits. The choice between the accruals basis and the cash basis is a decision that requires careful consideration, and this blog aims to guide you through the essential factors to help you make an informed choice.
Understanding the Basics: Accruals vs. Cash Basis
The accruals basis, also known as generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP), is the default accounting method for trades, professions, and vocations. It records income and expenses when invoiced or billed, ensuring that only relevant transactions for an accounting period are included.
On the other hand, the cash basis allows small unincorporated businesses to be taxed based on the cash that flows through their books. It simplifies accounting by not requiring the inclusion of debtors, creditors, stock, or work in progress at the year-end.
Making the Decision: Factors to Consider
When deciding on the best accounting basis, several factors come into play. Some key considerations include:
- Interest and Bank Charges: If you pay more than £500 per year in interest or bank charges, the accruals basis might be more suitable, as the cash basis restricts tax relief to £500.
- Loss Relief: Businesses using the cash basis can only carry forward losses to offset against future profits of the same trade. If you seek the flexibility to carry losses back or set them off against other income, the accruals basis may be preferable.
- Financial Support: If you plan to seek financial support or apply for a mortgage, using the accruals basis may be necessary, as financial institutions typically prefer accounts prepared using this method.
- Personal Use of Stock: The choice of accounting basis also impacts how personal use of stock is accounted for. Under the cash basis, it can be recorded at cost price, while the accruals basis requires market value consideration.
- Accuracy of Financial Position: You should recognise that the cash basis may not provide a complete picture of your business’s financial position. While suitable for small businesses focused on tax payments, more sophisticated businesses may benefit from the detailed information provided by accruals basis accounts.
Case Study: Sophie’s Dilemma
Consider Sophie, a self-employed designer. If she chooses the accruals basis, she records income when invoiced and deducts expenses when billed. In contrast, the cash basis allows her to record income and deduct expenses based on actual cash transactions.
Case Study: Bank Interest
In July 2023, John embarked on a solo venture as an electrician, operating from his home. To support the establishment of his business, he secured a small loan from his bank. Additionally, he utilised a portion of the funds to acquire a small second-hand car strictly for personal use. John qualifies to utilise the cash basis and proceeds to prepare his accounts for the period up to April 5, 2024, during which he incurred interest expenses on the loan amounting to £450.
If John opts for the cash basis in preparing her accounts, he can fully deduct the interest paid on the loan. This holds true even though a part of the loan was utilised for a non-business asset since the interest falls below the £500 threshold.
Conversely, if John chooses the accruals basis for his accounts, he is unable to deduct the interest related to the car. This limitation arises because the interest is not incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of his trade.
Conclusion: A Strategic Decision
The decision between the accruals and cash basis is not one-size-fits-all. It depends on the unique circumstances of each business, considering both tax and non-tax factors. Regularly reviewing this choice, especially when circumstances change, ensures that the selected method remains optimal for the business.
In conclusion, whether you’re a sole trader or a partner, the key to minimising taxable profits lies in understanding the nuances of the accruals and cash basis. By making an informed decision tailored to your business needs, you can navigate the tax landscape more efficiently.
UK accountants play a crucial role in assisting small business owners in determining whether accrual or cash accounting is the most suitable for their specific circumstances. Here’s how they can provide valuable guidance:
How Heighten Accountants Can Benefit Your Business:
At Heighten Accountants, we specialise in reducing taxable profits for small businesses through various strategies. Explore the ways we can support your business:
- Understanding Business Operations
We start by thoroughly understanding the nature of your small business, your industry, and your day-to-day operations. This includes assessing the timing of income and expenses, as well as the nature of transactions.
- Assessing Turnover and Eligibility
We evaluate the annual turnover of the business to determine its eligibility for cash accounting. For businesses with a turnover of £150,000 or less, the choice is available, and we can guide you more on this criterion.
- Reviewing Financial Goals
By discussing the financial goals of your business, we can help your small business align accounting method with your objectives. For instance, if you aim for steady cash flow management, cash accounting may be more suitable.
- Tax Implications
Our specialist accountants are well-versed in tax laws and can explain the tax implications of choosing accrual or cash accounting. We can calculate potential tax savings or obligations under each method and help the business owner make an informed decision.
- Analysing Expenses and Income Patterns
Examining the business’s patterns of income and expenses, we can advise on which method better reflects the economic reality of the business. This analysis ensures that the chosen method aligns with how the business operates.
- Consideration of Losses and Financing Needs
We discuss the treatment of losses and whether the business anticipates carrying losses back or using them in earlier years. If your business requires financing, we can explain how banks may prefer accrual basis accounts.
- Educating on Financial Reporting
We can educate small business owners on the differences in financial reporting between accrual and cash accounting. This includes how each method presents the business’s financial position and performance, regular reviews and adjustments and providing training and support
We provide personalised recommendations based on the unique needs and goals of each small business, considering both tax and non-tax factors.
We serve as strategic partners, leveraging our expertise to guide small business owners through the decision-making process and helping you choose between accrual and cash accounting based on their specific circumstances to maximise your business cashflow and minimise taxable profits.
Tax-Smart Accounting FAQs
What are the Limitations on Losses and Exclusions for Capital Gains Tax and the Cash Basis?
When it comes to calculating losses on the disposal of assets under the cash basis, it’s important to note a key restriction. Any capital expenditure that is deductible in calculating profits under the cash basis is not considered when determining the loss on disposal.
Additionally, in the calculation of consideration for Capital Gains Tax (CGT) purposes on asset disposal, any deemed proceeds accounted for under the cash basis are excluded from the overall consideration.
Moreover, there is an exemption for disposals of business assets under or after leaving the cash basis. Such disposals do not trigger a chargeable gain or allowable loss. However, it’s crucial to be aware that certain asset disposals will still be subject to the standard capital gains tax rules, maintaining consistency with the treatment of capital receipts under the cash basis.
What consideration Universal Credit Claimants should take while using Cash Basis accounting for their earnings?
When it comes to universal credit claims, earnings from self-employed businesses are computed in alignment with the Universal Credit Regulations 2013 (SI 2013/376), regulations 57–59. Although this system shares similarities with the cash basis accounting system for self-assessment, it’s important to note distinctions. For instance, under the universal credit regulations, loan interest cannot be deducted, setting it apart from the cash basis.
What is the treatment of National Insurance under Cash accounting?
Profits determined under the cash basis directly contribute to the calculation of National Insurance contributions.
What is the application of cash basis accounting in managing property income?
The cash basis serves as the default method for most taxpayers, excluding certain entities like companies. Those eligible for the cash basis have the option to elect for the accrual’s basis.
Simply put, the cash basis allows taxpayers to compute their property business profit. Notable distinctions between the cash basis and the accruals basis encompass when income and expenditure are considered and the approach to providing relief for capital expenditure.
HMRC Guidance on rental Income:
- Deposits received from tenants are not treated as income until they legally become the property of the landlord. This is evident when the landlord retains part or all of the deposit to cover property repairs upon the tenant’s departure.
- Income received through a letting agent is recognized on the date it is received by the agent, not when received by the landlord.
What is the process for transitioning between cash basis and accruals basis in accounting, and under what circumstances can a business switch from one to the other?
After a business opts for the cash basis, they are obligated to continue using it until:
- They are no longer eligible, or
- There is a change in circumstances, making it more suitable to calculate profits on the accruals basis. For instance, if the business has borrowed funds for expansion and wishes to claim over £500 for interest or seeks to claim sideways loss relief. In such cases, the business can choose to calculate profits using the accruals basis.
Leaving the cash basis does not preclude a person from making a cash basis election for a subsequent tax year. To initiate the use of the cash basis, individuals must elect by marking the relevant box on their self-assessment tax return.
